A Quick Overview of Digital Accessibility Mandates in India

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Introduction

Current digital accessibility mandates in India center on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, supported by technical standards and guidelines. These requirements cover websites, mobile applications, electronic documents, and ICT products, with obligations for both government and private entities.

Core Provisions in the RPwD Act 2016

Sections 40 to 46 form the backbone of digital accessibility requirements. Section 40 requires formulation of standards for information and communications, including appropriate technologies and systems. Section 42 mandates accessible formats for all audio, print, and electronic media content. This includes providing audio descriptions, sign language, and captions. Section 43 promotes the development and distribution of universally designed electronic goods and consumer products. Section 46 requires all government documents and public information in digital form to be made accessible.

The Act defines accessibility in terms of universal design, reasonable accommodation, and barrier-free access. It applies to public facilities and services, extending to digital platforms used by the public.

Guidelines for Indian Government Websites and Apps (GIGW 3.0)

The Guidelines for Indian Government Websites and Apps (GIGW 3.0) provide detailed technical requirements for government digital platforms. They align with the RPwD Act and mandate compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 Level AA success criteria. Key areas include perceivable content (text alternatives, captions, colour contrast), operable interfaces (keyboard navigation, sufficient time), understandable information (readable text, predictable navigation), and robust content (compatible with assistive technologies).

GIGW 3.0 covers the full lifecycle of websites and mobile applications, including planning, design, development, and maintenance. It includes enhanced guidance on mobile app accessibility, touch gestures, and integration with public digital infrastructure. Compliance is mandatory for central and state government websites and apps. The guidelines also address multilingual support and usability for diverse users.

Indian Standard IS 17802 for ICT Accessibility

The Bureau of Indian Standards notified IS 17802 (Accessibility for ICT Products and Services, Parts 1 and 2) in 2021, later incorporated into the RPwD Rules through the 2023 amendment. This standard makes accessibility requirements legally enforceable for ICT products and services. It aligns with WCAG principles while addressing India-specific needs, such as support for regional languages.

IS 17802 covers websites, mobile apps, software, hardware, and documentation. It follows the POUR model (Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust) and includes conformance evaluation methods. The 2023 RPwD (Amendment) Rules reference this standard to strengthen implementation under Sections 40, 42, and 46.

Role of the Accessible India Campaign

The Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan operationalizes digital accessibility through its ICT vertical. It sets targets for making government websites and public documents accessible according to recognized standards. Progress includes making hundreds of central and state government websites accessible, with ongoing efforts to expand coverage. The campaign promotes sector-specific guidelines and tools for testing, such as the SATYA Chrome extension for accessibility evaluation.

Implementation and Compliance Government entities must ensure new digital solutions comply with GIGW 3.0, WCAG 2.1 AA, and IS 17802. Existing platforms require upgrades within stipulated timelines. Private organizations serving the public, especially in regulated sectors, face increasing expectations for compliance. The Act empowers Chief Commissioners and State Commissioners to monitor adherence and address grievances. Penalties for violations can include fines. Social audits and human resource development support broader implementation.

Conclusion

India’s digital accessibility mandates integrate legal obligations under the RPwD Act with practical standards such as GIGW 3.0 and IS 17802. These frameworks aim to ensure that persons with disabilities can perceive, operate, understand, and contribute to digital content and services on equal terms.